Inversions

Iain Banks (1954–2013) was a Scottish novelist best known for his darkly imaginative literary fiction and his influential science-fiction novels. Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Banks studied English, philosophy, and psychology at the University of Stirling.

He published mainstream fiction under the name Iain Banks, beginning with The Wasp Factory (1984), a controversial debut that established his reputation for psychological intensity, moral provocation, and black humor. His literary novels often explored violence, identity, politics, and Scottish culture.

Under the name Iain M. Banks, he wrote science fiction, most notably the Culture series, which depicts a post-scarcity, spacefaring civilization and is widely regarded as one of the most important works of modern SF. Across both strands of his writing, Banks was known for intellectual ambition, dark wit, and bold narrative experimentation.

Banks was also outspoken on political and social issues, particularly Scottish independence. He died of cancer in 2013 at the age of 59, leaving behind a body of work that continues to be highly influential in both literary and science-fiction circles.

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